In the May issue of CACM, Moshe Vardi argues that the interests of authors and commercial publishers have irreconcilably diverged. But "in the case of publishing by a professional association, such as ACM, the authors, as ACM members, are essentially also the publishers", so when choosing a publishing model, "the decision is up to us: ACM members, authors, publishers."
Good point! With the 2012 ACM Council Election happening now through May 22, what are the candidates' positions on progressive copyright policies? I asked the candidates the following:
Do you have a position on the appropriate copyright policy for ACM's publications? Specifically, should the copyright on published research papers be assigned to ACM, or should the authors retain the copyright with ACM holding a non-exclusive license to distribute the work, similar to USENIX's policy? What is your position on moving ACM's publications to an open-access model?
Here are the candidates and their responses, filled in as they come.
Update May 14 2012: Additional notes and thoughts over here.
President
Barbara G. Ryder, Virginia Tech: "The ACM Digital Library (DL) has been designed and constructed by ACM, led by the vision of computing researchers in the SIGs. It now has become THE repository to go to for computing publications, having listings for many more than only ACM publications. This effort was undertaken for and supported by the computing research community; more recently, ACM has enhanced the DL with author metrics, additional search capabilities, the Authorizer tool, etc -- all in support of the research community. So the ACM DL is an important resource for computing. But ACM is a membership organization, not a for-profit company which can choose to invest in services for the community, funded by other revenue streams. At this time, the ACM DL generates a significant income stream for ACM and its SIGs, which, in part, supports further DL development as well as other activities. Any discussion of Open Access publication and ACM has to consider the financial consequences of the choices to be made. It is not just a philosophical discussion. ps These comments have already been posted on the Web, after answering similar questions from Matt Welsh: link [Updated: Regarding question about copyright policy:] please look at [ACM copyright policy] ... This allows non-commercial personal use by an author of her/his paper after the copyright has been signed away to ACM [and] the right to post a unique link using the Author-Izer ACM Linking Service on either the author’s homepage or Institutional Repository (wherever the author’s bibliography is maintained) which enables free access from that location to the definitive version of the work permanently maintained in the ACM Digital Library."
Vinton G. Cerf, Google: "I much prefer a kind of creative commons method or licensing method that leaves the authors with copyright and ACM with sufficient privilege to carry out its work."
Vice President
Mathai Joseph, Tata Consultancy Services (excerpt of longer response): "... I am quite happy with the ACM copyright policy because it represents a sensible balance between the rights of the author and the rights of a publisher who has invested time and effort in making the publication available to the community. ACM is competing with commercial publishers with far more restrictive policies and has to protect its rights in a fairly predatory market. ... Thank you for raising this important question. Some time back I talked to people in ACM HQ about it, thought of alternatives and then decided that the ACM policy is actually fairly sane."
Thank you for your message and question about my stand on a copyright policy for ACM.
First, you refer to the USENIX policy as having 'a non-exclusive license'; in fact USENIX asks for exclusive rights for a specified period (12 months) and rights to continue to maintain its copies with public access after that period.
More broadly, I think the important question is the expected period of interest in a publication. I may be wrong, but I would guess that material published by USENIX has immediate interest for a specific community that diminishes over time as the important ideas of the content become part of a more permanent repository for long-term reference. In that context, 12 months is probably the period when there is most interest and it is covered by exclusive rights.
In contrast, journals provide a long term repository for material that has been carefully selected, refereed by the community and published as part of the accepted knowledge of a field (accepting of course that errors may be found at a later time). A paper like the one by Fischer, Lynch and Paterson on 'Impossibility of Distributed Consensus with One Faulty Process' which appeared in J. ACM in April 1985, has now had over 3000 citations, many of which have appeared in the last decade, or over 15 years after original publication. So rights have to be preserved over a very long time.
I am quite happy with the ACM copyright policy because it represents a sensible balance between the rights of the author and the rights of a publisher who has invested time and effort in making the publication available to the community. ACM is competing with commercial publishers with far more restrictive policies and has to protect its rights in a fairly predatory market.
The ACM Digital Library took a very large investment from ACM members to create. It not only holds the final version of a publication, it allows it to be seen along with other similar or related publications by the same author, or on similar topics. So the value of the DL should not be seen in the context of a single publication but over a range of publications that may be of interest at the same time. If the DL did not exist, it would have to be created in order to give us all the facilities that are needed for research. ACM does have consortium agreements for access to the DL and this brings down the cost for access (to zero, in most cases, since it is the institution and not the individual who has to pay the consortium charges).
I would like to turn the question around and ask you what the ACM policy prevents an author from doing: in what important way is the author unable to make use of his or her publication because of ACM's policy?
Thank you for raising this important question. Some time back I talked to people in ACM HQ about it, thought of alternatives and then decided that the ACM policy is actually fairly sane.
Alexander L. Wolf, Imperial College London: "Obviously, this is a very important and timely issue. ... I can tell you that the USENIX licensing model, the IEEE Security and Privacy licensing experiment, and related ideas are all under active study by various ACM volunteer groups. One thing I've learned from these discussions is that open access is a deceptively and desperately complex issue ... Personally, I subscribe to the general principle that outcomes of activities supported through public funds ... should be available for use by all citizens. ... ACM provides a staggeringly rich set of services (not just the management of professional conferences within a restricted intellectual domain, which is the predominant role of USENIX) to its members and to the larger (non-member) community. Those services cost money. ... How do we compensate for the loss of DL revenue, the funds that effectively subsidize many of ACM's other activities? Should we raise member dues? Should we raise conference fees? (BTW: dues and fees would have to be raised substantially, to the point that we would seriously risk the viability of both our organization and our conferences. Have you looked at the fees being charged for NSDI 2012 this week? And that's just to cover the conference costs, a bit of USENIX staff time, and a small share of maintenance cost for the USENIX content servers.) ... For instance, ACM is able to provide substantial financial and organizational aid to CSTA [... which supports CS K-12 school teachers. Alex also mentioned ACM's role in policy, developing nations, inclusion of women, curricula guidance, the 35 ACM SIGs, and student participation.] The overall point here is that we face a difficult trade off. ... The aim is to find a balance between the potentially conflicting goals of giving individuals easy access to the information generated by the community at the same time as helping guarantee a revenue stream for an organization that, frankly, plays a key role in sustaining the community. ... I urge you to take a look at several articles that have appeared in CACM related to the open access issue if you haven't already done so: [1, 2, 3]. I largely agree with them, and as such they also represent my position on the topic. Of course, the environment is dynamic, and new ideas are likely to emerge. I think the important thing for an officer of our association to do is maintain an understanding of and appreciation for the full context of the situation."
Thanks for getting in touch. Obviously, this is a very important and timely issue. It is one that is discussed and debated regularly by the ACM Council and ACM Publications Board. I take that as a healthy sign: the serious thought and effort that ACM volunteers are putting into consideration of the issue. I can tell you that the USENIX licensing model, the IEEE Security and Privacy licensing experiment, and related ideas are all under active study by various ACM volunteer groups.
One thing I've learned from these discussions is that open access is a deceptively and desperately complex issue, and one for which there is a lot of mis-information floating about. For example, the notion that one needs to "mov[e] ACM's publications to an open-access model". We should begin with the question: by what definition of "open access"? ACM publications are already considered "Green Open Access" as defined by various leading advocates of open access. So, we need to understand in what way GOA might not be sufficient or appropriate for ACM publications. Consider, too, ACM's new Author-izer service, which gives authors a mechanism for granting non-DL subscribers cost-free access to their publications. Access can be granted from a personal web page or from an organizational corpus (e.g., a university's publication repository). And, of course, the standard ACM copyright agreement already permits various forms of free dissemination.
Personally, I subscribe to the general principle that outcomes of activities supported through public funds (whether directly through government research grants, or indirectly through the education, training, and employment of people who carry out research at public institutions no matter the sponsor of that research) should be available for use by all citizens. (As a general principle it leaves aside many thorny issues, of course, such as what about partial support, what about certain specific and potentially harmful dual-use outcomes, how do we best promote industrial innovation, are not-for-profit organizations such as MIT and ACM "public" institutions, etc. Let's accept that we don't have answers to those questions for the moment.)
Now, how does that principle relate to your questions? It could be that this principle is exactly what you had in mind. Or it could be that you believe authors should have exclusive rights to what they produce, which could very well be in conflict with the principle outlined above. (Consider, for example, that if one follows the principle above, then by accepting public funds one has already given up certain rights.) And, then, which perspective is supported by the notion of licensing to which you alluded? I would suggest the latter (exclusive author rights), in which case we may well disagree. You see, some people may think that licensing, as opposed to copyright transfer, better supports public access, when in fact it may instead simply support exclusive author rights, at which point we must then trust each individual author (or the organization that employs the author) to make the works publicly available, and on a continuing basis. So perhaps it is actually the detail of the agreement that is put in place that is important, not so much the vehicle (license or copyright transfer) that is used to carry it. See, for example, this commentary on the IEEE Security and Privacy license experiment:
https://freedom-to-tinker.com/blog/dwallach/ieee-blows-it-security-privacy-copyright-agreement/There are many, many other issues to consider. Here is a sampling:
- ACM is a not-for-profit, volunteer, member organization. The decisions that ACM takes are decisions made by you and me, the members of the organization, not the headquarters staff.
- Why is it that libraries and library consortia are willing to pay ACM for DL access? Two simple answers: (1) because ACM content is not only of the highest quality, it is far, far less expensive than the fees charged by commercial publishers -- value for money in an extremely tight economy; and (2) because it is a managed-access corpus supported by a professional organization. We must be very careful to consider this value model.
- ACM provides a staggeringly rich set of services (not just the management of professional conferences within a restricted intellectual domain, which is the predominant role of USENIX) to its members and to the larger (non-member) community. Those services cost money. Do we believe that these services are valuable? Then we must find ways to generate the money to fund them. Should we shut down the ACM DL and let authors take full responsibility for making their papers publicly accessible? Should authors be charged a fee for ACM to provide the DL service? How do we compensate for the loss of DL revenue, the funds that effectively subsidize many of ACM's other activities? Should we raise member dues? Should we raise conference fees? (BTW: dues and fees would have to be raised substantially, to the point that we would seriously risk the viability of both our organization and our conferences. Have you looked at the fees being charged for NSDI 2012 this week? And that's just to cover the conference costs, a bit of USENIX staff time, and a small share of maintenance cost for the USENIX content servers.)
- We need to consider that there are multiple constituencies involved in this issue. Authors, yes, but also readers, other ACM members, research sponsors, practitioners, governments, companies, teachers, students, the public at large, and libraries and library consortia. Of particularly concern to me, I must admit, are those benefiting from the other services made possible in part by the revenue generated by the ACM DL. For instance, ACM is able to provide substantial financial and organizational aid to CSTA, the Computer Science Teachers Association, which is an activity (started by the ACM) to support K-12 teachers ("school teachers" in the UK) around the world. ACM operates USACM, which provides informed technical opinions to US policy agencies and law makers, whose decisions, like it or not, have huge impact around the world. ACM is helping developing nations, such as India, organize their computer science education and research communities. ACM is promoting the inclusion of women in the profession through ACM-W and related activities. ACM provides curricula guidance used in establishing educational programs and accreditation criteria. The 35 ACM SIGs and their members receive substantial support from the ACM DL revenue, again effectively subsidizing their operations, such as to promote student conference attendance. There are many other examples.
- Should we allow this issue to be resolved on a case-by-case basis by individual authors? By that I mean, should authors decide for themselves what rights to assign or not? My feeling is that such an approach is not viable, much in the same way that (health or car) insurance as a concept only works if the society as a whole is compelled to participate. We are in a society of sorts, a computer-professionals society, and as such we must also consider what is required of the individual to maintain the viability of the society. Of course, this is the essence of the debate, and we must resolve opposing viewpoints on that question.
The overall point here is that we face a difficult trade off. Any action we take in one direction with respect to this issue must certainly be taken in consideration of its impact on the others. Facile solutions and proposals must be considered suspect.
The trade off, and the ACM response to it, are well represented by the emerging notion of "fair access", which is obviously an allusion to the related DRM notion of "fair use". The aim is to find a balance between the potentially conflicting goals of giving individuals easy access to the information generated by the community at the same time as helping guarantee a revenue stream for an organization that, frankly, plays a key role in sustaining the community. As ACM volunteers, let's be careful not to let our not-for-profit, professional association get caught up in the swirl surrounding the for-profit, commercial publication companies, such as Elsevier. Yes, the ACM volunteers want to maintain a revenue stream, but to support and sustain good works for the community, not to generate a "profit".
I hope I've answered your questions. I urge you to take a look at several articles that have appeared in CACM related to the open access issue if you haven't already done so:
http://cacm.acm.org/magazines/2009/7/32075-open-closed-or-clopen-access/fulltext
http://cacm.acm.org/magazines/2010/2/69353-open-access-to-scientific-publications/fulltext
http://cacm.acm.org/magazines/2012/5/148564-fair-access/fulltext
I largely agree with them, and as such they also represent my position on the topic. Of course, the environment is dynamic, and new ideas are likely to emerge. I think the important thing for an officer of our association to do is maintain an understanding of and appreciation for the full context of the situation.
Secretary/Treasurer
George V. Neville-Neil, Neville-Neil Consulting: "At the moment this entire question is being gone over by the Publications Board of ACM. They are meeting this June to talk about this issue as well as others. This has not been an area of ACM policy that I have been involved with in the past, but I agree that it's extremely important, not only to authors, but to the organization as a whole. I remain open minded about what the policy ought to be in the future, and am interested in seeing what the publications board comes up with as a recommendation. Having published several articles, and a monthly column, with ACM I have to say that I do not find the current system to impose unnecessary strictures on my ability to share my work or for others to gain access to it. [After a short exchange concerning arguments for open access:] Thanks for the pointers, I've looked them over and they're certainly food for thought. I'll keep these in mind as and when I get to see what the publications committee comes up with. I suspect that if ACM does move to a similar model to USENIX that this will take time as there are actual financial questions to deal with in this area. While the cost of publishing has diminished, there remain costs other than printing and shipping paper that ACM has to deal with. Figuring out a path from the current model to a more open one is certainly something I'd be involved with if I were elected as Secretary/Treasurer."
Vicki L. Hanson, University of Dundee: "I appreciate your thoughtful questions put to ACM candidates for election. The issues you raise have been, and continue to be, extensively discussed within ACM. ACM’s Publications Board regularly considers questions of licensing and open access and strives to continue with its high quality service while providing authors rights to their published work. As you are likely aware, the Pubs Board Chairs published an editorial in the October, 2011 issue of CACM about ACM’s copyright policy. Since that editorial, ACM has made available the Author-Izer service that allows authors to put a link on their personal or institutional web page that will enable anyone to download the definitive version of published papers from ACM’s Digital Library (DL) at no charge. This service also makes available the display on these personal and institutional pages of ACM's up-to-date download and citation statistics for the publications. ACM is exploring the implications of allowing authors to retain copyright, transferring a license to ACM for archiving, indexing, and electronic distribution. It is worth noting that such a change, according to my understanding, would make it somewhat easier for authors to distribute their work but would preclude ACM from protecting those works from plagiarism and unauthorized distribution by other entities including for-profit ones. The current policy must be reviewed, weighing the importance of such protections and other author needs. The fully open access issue is more difficult still and requires a careful consideration of business practices and organizational sustainability. There are substantial costs involved in publishing and maintaining the high quality archival collection of materials provided by ACM’s DL. I agree with the Pubs Board’s resistance to the author pays model of open access in that this does not allow poorly-funded authors to have the same access to publishing as well-funded ones. An economic model that places the financial burden on conferences for proceedings publications similarly tends to place financial roadblocks to publication for those less able to pay. This latter model also does not address larger questions of how the DL would be funded to support journals, educational materials, and other non-conference content. The current ACM business model attempts to gives authors flexibility and rights to make their work available to the community while, at the same time, being able to provide the DL service for aggregating articles, collecting bibliometrics, and investing in further development of the DL as a resource for the computing community. I realize that the above answers are not the definitive answers you might have sought in your questions to me. At this point in time, the issues you raise are critical ones for the future of ACM and continuing dialog is needed to consider the best way forward in terms of meeting the needs of authors and readers of DL materials as well as determining a sustainable business model that will allow authors and readers continued access to the DL, an important resource for ACM’s community of researchers and practitioners."
Members at Large
Radia Perlman, Intel: "I'd like to hear arguments on all sides before having a cast-in-stone position. Some companies have worked out an agreement with IEEE and ACM for something like what you said...that ACM has non-exclusive right, but the authors also get to post and distribute. So that implies, I think, that it wouldn't be totally detrimental to ACM to do that for everyone. Some conferences post the papers online, freely accessible. That seems like the right thing to do. Going beyond the rights of authors (and/or the company they worked for at the time they wrote the paper) having the right to post and distribute, I think the model of only letting people see the title and abstract of papers, and then having to pay to download the article, is really bad for facilitating research. When one is doing research, and browses on the web, and finds a 15 year old paper that looks like it might be relevant, but you have to pay $25 to download the paper, only to find it really is not relevant... A lot of companies and most universities have a blanket access to ACM and IEEE publications, so people at those companies probably don't notice the issue. I wonder how much ACM depends on revenue from people downloading papers. Especially really old ones. Perhaps a compromise might be to say that after, say, 3 years, the articles should be free. Anyway, my heart is in having everything easily accessible on the web, for free. I wouldn't care, as an author, whether I could distribute the paper or just a link to the paper, as long as the link allows the person to see the whole paper. For facilitating research, my inclination would also be for anyone to access all the published papers, without having to get a link from the author. [...] But as I said, I'd like to hear other points of view and legal/economic issues that I may not fully appreciate, before getting too entrenched in a position."
Ricardo Baeza-Yates, Yahoo! Research, Barcelona/Santiago: "In general I am in favor of open access models and giving the author more control of their copyrights. On the other hand we need to do this without jeopardizing the financial stability of ACM."
Feng Zhao, Microsoft Research Asia, Beijing: "My platform is primarily around building a sustained and quality engagement between ACM and the regional computing community in China and the rest of Asia, building on the tremendous momentum of the Council's China and India initiatives. As part of that, I felt it is important to lower the cost of access for people from the developing regions. I have not really thought through the copyright issue at any depth. But one thing is clear. The old model of publication, dissemination, and monetization is broken in the online world today. If elected, I will work with the Council to study and innovate on ways that can expand the ACM reach and at the same time ensure the financial sustainability of the society."
Eric Allman, Sendmail: "This is neither my area of expertise nor do I have all the information (particularly about finances), so I do not (as yet) have a strongly held position on this. However, I don't understand why it is necessary for ACM to actually hold copyright as long as it retains the rights to use the materials in the ways that it already does. In particular, as I read the copyright policy, the authors retain the right to privately publish the materials on non-ACM web sites, so the usual financial argument about the Digital Library doesn't seem to fit here. It also seems clear to me that research that was funded with public money should be available to that public with no more than a cost recovery fee. Obviously not all authors are funded by government grants, and the ACM audience transcends any particular government, but trying to sort articles on this basis seems excessively complex. I'm also a supporter of the concept of replication to maintain long-term integrity and retention of archival material, which is antithetical to centralized administration. Note that I'm not saying that the DL is superfluous or needs to be free. The DL provides value through indexing, providing a stable reference copy (URLs are notoriously unstable), and assisting ease of access. Maintaining the DL is not without costs which need to be recovered, and any reductions in revenue resulting from changing the copyright policy must be balanced in some way. Fiscal responsibility is important."
Mary Lou Soffa, University of Virginia: [not yet responded]
PJ Narayanan, IIIT-Hyderabad: "I personally believe the authors should have all rights to distribute their work and hence should hold the copyright. ACM as the publisher and maintainer of the electronics library should have non-exclusive rights to distribute the content."
Eugene H. Spafford, Purdue University: "Well, I'm not expert in ACM's policies, so I am not sure I am the best person to ask right now. However, I'll try to answer. My understanding is that there is a publications board that considers ACM policy for copyright. It is regularly reviewed. I know there have been many changes during the time I've been a member, in response to changing times, needs, and user requests. I haven't heard of any problems with the current policy, and things seem to be working okay. So, I'll assume that the current policy is appropriate until presented with evidence indicating otherwise. [In response to whether authors should retain the copyright:] ACM is not like USENIX -- I know, as I was a member of Usenix for 25 years. ACM publishes journals and maintains a curated digital library that must be supported over a long time to be of real value. The Usenix model is okay for some conferences, and for authors to maintain for a limited period of time, but that is not the same as immutable copies maintained in a curated collection, indefinitely. The current model seems to work fine, so, that gives a proof by example. [In response to whether publications should be open access:] Please define 'open access' and what it provides that the current model does not. Does it provide the necessary support and resources to maintain and enhance the ACM digital library in a global environment for an indefinite time? I'd then want to see a response from someone in ACM about the current model. I'm open to considering changes, but I need complete information to understand the issues and potential effects."
Update: Candidates' positions on open access from two years ago. A couple candidates are running this year as well.
Notes: You can read more recent discussion of open access here and here. Thanks to all the candidates for taking the time to reply. Thanks to George Porter for suggesting this.
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